In a groundbreaking initiative that could redefine our understanding of biodiversity, scientists and policy experts are striving to map the genomes of every animal, plant, and fungal species in the United States. This monumental effort is part of the Earth BioGenome Project (EBP), a global endeavor aiming to sequence high-quality genomes for all 1.8 million eukaryotic species on Earth. The project takes inspiration from the Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP), which has already made significant strides in sequencing vertebrate species.
The push to sequence genomes is driven by the need to create a comprehensive genetic blueprint for life on Earth. Erich D. Jarvis, chair of the VGP and head of the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language at Rockefeller University, envisions a future where these databases catalyze transformative advancements in conservation, evolutionary biology, and basic science. The initiative aims to overcome the limitations of previously available genomes, which were often plagued by errors and gaps.
The Genesis of a Global Effort
The VGP has already sequenced over 500 species, while the EBP has surpassed 3,000, including vertebrates. This success has inspired a new focus on U.S. species, with plans to sequence 15,000 species initially. Jarvis, along with EBP Chair Harris Lewin and other experts, is designing a plan to sequence the genomes of every eukaryotic species in U.S. territory.
According to Giulio Formenti, research assistant professor and co-director of the Vertebrate Genome Laboratory, the European pilot project, which began during the COVID-19 pandemic, was a significant milestone. It was driven by the European Green Deal, with a focus on sustainability and conservation. The project received 20 million Euros and successfully launched a pilot for 100 species.
Conservation and Beyond: The Broader Implications
Conservation is a key motivating factor for the genome mapping project. One of the first endangered species sequenced at high quality was the kakapo, a flightless parrot native to New Zealand. The sequencing revealed that the island population of kakapos had developed a mechanism to purge deleterious mutations, offering valuable insights for conservation strategies.
Formenti notes that the project also supports de-extinction efforts, providing high-quality genomes for groups interested in reviving species like the passenger pigeon and woolly mammoth. These efforts have implications for preserving existing biodiversity and addressing scientific questions beyond conservation.
Unraveling the Mysteries of Evolution
Jarvis’s research at the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language focuses on using high-quality genomes to explore the genetic changes that led to spoken language. The project also aims to resolve whether birds and reptiles possess neurons homologous to those in the mammalian neocortex, potentially reshaping our understanding of animal intelligence and evolution.
“The implications are vast,” Jarvis states, highlighting the potential to update the family tree of vertebrates and genes, offering new perspectives on genetic relationships and evolutionary history.
Building a National Infrastructure
The U.S.-based project aims to establish a National Reference Genome Center at Rockefeller University, serving as a core facility for a nationwide consortium. This effort involves collaboration with institutions like Arizona State University and the University of Kansas, as well as museums and genomics experts.
The consortium plans to sequence up to 600,000 species in U.S. territory, with the potential to sequence 1,000 genomes per week. This ambitious goal requires significant funding and coordination, but it promises to create a centralized infrastructure that standardizes sequencing methods and accelerates discovery.
Overcoming Challenges and Looking Ahead
Formenti acknowledges the logistical challenges of collecting and preserving high-quality samples from diverse species. Sequencing a beetle, for example, differs significantly from sequencing a mammal due to DNA extraction difficulties. Despite these challenges, the project draws inspiration from the Human Genome Project, which demonstrated the feasibility of large-scale genomic endeavors.
While awaiting funding, the consortium is moving forward with grassroots efforts. Jarvis emphasizes the importance of producing publicly available, high-quality genomes, stating, “Producing near-complete, error-free genomes requires specialized techniques—it’s an art.”
The U.S. species sequencing project represents a bold step forward in understanding and preserving the nation’s biodiversity. As the initiative progresses, it holds the promise of unlocking new scientific insights and fostering a deeper appreciation for the intricate tapestry of life on Earth.
